Presocratic principles, the School of Athens, the Hellenistic ways of life: where every later river rises.
principles: water, fire, the one
Thales to Democritus: the first natural philosophy of principles and elements.
the Academy, the Lyceum, the agora
Founded by Plato c. 387 BCE. The original Academy operated for nearly 900 years until Justinian closed it in 529 CE.
The great syncretic system. Plotinus (204–270) fused Plato's Forms with a mystical metaphysics of emanation: the One → Nous (Intellect) → Soul → Matter.
Theory of building and enclosure from Vitruvius to Gottfried Semper's textile theory of the wall.
Aristotle's Rhetoric, Cicero's topics and seats (sedes), Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria, Rutilius Lupus's figures: the discipline of persuasion that named paradiastole, amplification and gradatio.
philosophy as a way of life
Greek and Roman medicine from the Hippocratic corpus to Galen, including the Asclepian temple cures (incubation at Epidaurus and Pergamon) and early treatment of grief and mental disorder.
Philosophy of the Greek-speaking world after Alexander (c.
School founded by Epicurus in Athens (the Garden, c.
Mathematical astronomy and astral science of the Hellenistic and Roman world (Ptolemy's Almagest and Tetrabiblos).
Hellenistic school (Zeno, Epictetus, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius).
Euclid's Elements: the proof sequence with ekthesis as its second step.
Pyrrho of Elis: suspension of judgement (epoche) and tranquillity.
codes, precedents, provinces
The Justinianic codification (Digest, 533) as a provenance-tagged mosaic of jurists: a codex with corrections, precedent against code.
Aristotle's Lyceum. The Peripatetics walked while they philosophized.